Revision of genus Datura L. (Solanaceae)in Karnataka with a critical notes on the existence of Datura stramonium L.

Rashmi Gulaguli , Shreyas Betageri , Vanaja G. Patgar , K. Kotresha

Taxonomy and Floristic Laboratory, Department of UG, PG, and Research in Botany, Karnatak University, Karnataka Science College, Dharwad-580001, India

Corresponding Author Email: shreyasbetgari@gmail.com

DOI : https://doi.org/10.51470/ABP.2025.04.03.01

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INTRODUCTION

 The Datura genus comprises a diversity of plant species that range from taller trees to microscopic fungi in a specific ecosystem, belonging to different species, genotypes, and habitats (31). Among these, the family Solanaceae is renowned applications in agriculture, pharmacology, and traditional medicine. ‘The nightshade plant’, meaning ‘quieting’, which refers to sedative effects, comprises a number of important agricultural plants along with many toxic plants such as Datura, Mandragora etc. The name of the family comes from the Latin Solanum ‘the nightshade plant’, meaning ‘quieting’, which refers to sedative effects. The genus Datura, belonging to the Solanaceae family, comprises of several species known for their medicinal and toxic properties due to the presence of their high alkaloid content. These plants hold cultural and pharmacological significance, with applications in traditional medicine across various regions of the world.‘Synopsis of Datura’ reported four sections among four, two are within the defined scope of work, Section I.Stramoniumgaertner(Daturastramonium); Section II.Dutra bernhardi(Daturainnoxa, Daturametel, Daturaferox, Datura discolor) (13).

            Flora of the Presidency of Madras (7)documented 21 species under 8 genera, with two Datura species i.e., Daturafastuosa L.and Daturastramonium L.Flora of Presidency of Bombay (5) encompasses 31 Solanaceae species under 6 genera with 2 species, Daturafastuosa L. and Daturastramonium L.Flora of Bangalore District (12) documented 19 Solanaceae species under 8 genera, with one species DaturametelL. Flora of Hassan District(16)recorded 15 species belonging to Solanaceae family, under 8 genera, with Daturametel L.&Daturastramonium L.Flora of Chikmagalur District, Karnataka, India(22) reported 10 species, under 4 genera belonging to Solanaceae family, with one DaturametelL. A work, Flora of Karnataka Analysis (20) listed 47 species under 4 genera related to Solanaceae family, and the recorded species under genus Datura are Daturainnoxia Mill.,Daturastramonium L. and Daturametel L. Flora of Eastern Karnataka (21) holds 5 genera with 17 species under Solanaceae family, with 3 species Daturainnoxia Mill., DaturametelL., Daturastramonium L.

            Flora of Gulburga District (19) recorded 6 species belonging to 5 genera under Solanaceae, with one species Daturastramonium L.Flora of Udapi District (2) 5 genera and 11 Solanaceae species, with one species DaturametelL.Flora of Davangere District, Karnataka, India (11)holds 9 genus and 19 species under Solanaceae family, and the mentioned Datura species are DaturametelL. and Daturastramonium L. Flora of South Kanara (3) listed 8  genera and 19 species belonging to family Solanaceae, with one Datura genus, that is Daturafastuosa L. Flora of Gadag District(10) holds 6  genera and13  species in total under Solanaceae and recordedDatura species is Daturametel L. Flora of Bidar District (18)comprises 5 genera, 10 species and recorded  Daturaspecies are Daturastramonium L., Daturametel L.Flora of Karnataka A Checklist, Vol. 2: Gymnosperms &Angiosperms(17) records 14 genera and 60 species under Solanaceae family, Daturagenera holds 5species – Datura discolorBernh., Daturaferox L.,Daturainnoxia Mill., Daturametel L.,Daturastramonium L.

MATERIALS AND METHODS:

            The research was conducted across various districts. The plants from different localities of Karnataka were collected in different seasons from districts like Gadag, Dharwad, Belagavi, Hassan and Chikkamagalurucovering different agro-climatic zones to capture the diversity of Datura species(1, 6, 14, 15). GPS coordinates and altitude of collection sites were recorded for geographical mapping. Morphological parameters such as habit, plant height, stem, leaves, petiole length, flowers, pedicel length, calyx, corolla, fruit were studied and identified using different floras. These collected specimens are photographed using One plus Nord CE2 Lite, which offers a resolution of 1080×2412 pixels. The various parts photographed are illustrated on KODAK Tracing paper and using a Rotring pen of various line sizes. The photoplates were prepared using the seventh major version i.e., Adobe Photoshop 7.0.

            Plant samples were collected from natural habitats, including roadsides and agricultural fields. Multiple specimens were collected from each location. Collected specimens were preserved using herbarium sheets for morphological studies and fresh samples were stored for biosystematic studies.Herbarioum are prepared using (4) Standard BSI method, these specimens were deposited in recognized herbarium i.e., Karnatak Science college Dharwad.

            Morphological features of the collected specimens were documented, including leaf shape size, and venation patterns. Floral characteristics like corolla shape, color, size and stamen Observations were compared with existing taxonomic keys and literature for identification using following floras ([2],[3],[5],[7],[10],[11],[12],[14], [15],[16],[19],[20],[21],[17], [18]).

Results:

            During the field survey, a total of seven species of Datura genus were identified and collected in Karnataka, of which three were morphotypes of DaturametelL.Significant morphological differences were observed among the species, variability in leaf size, margin patterns, and venation. Corolla shape ranged from trumpet-like to funnel-shaped, color varied between white, pale purple, and violet.

            DaturametelL. were dominant in both dry and moist regions. DaturainnoxiaMill. thrived in semi-arid zones with sandy soils. DaturastramoniumL.was confined to temperate regions with high soil fertility. All plant species were dissected and taxonomically described along with photoplates and illustrations.

Taxonomic Treatment:

Parallel Key to Datura genus in Karnataka:

1.	Fruit dehiscing in 4 valves	D. stramonium
1.	Fruit irregularly dehisced	2
2.	Short herbs	3
2.	Large herbs	4
3.	Flower purely white	D. ferrox
3.	Flower with purplish tinge at the center	D. discolor
4.	Stem green, pubescent	D. innoxia
4.	Stem purple, not pubescent	5
5.	Flower yellowish white	D. metel(complete white corolla)
5.	Flower purple	6
6.	Anthers single, 5 in number	D. metel(single corolla purple)
6.	Anthers double, 5 in number, one is single	D. metel(tri-corolla purple)

DaturadiscolorBernh. Neues J. Pharm. Aerzte 26: 149 (1833); Sanjappa & Singeswara, Fl. Karnataka, check. Gymno. &Angio. 2: 730. 2019. (Fig. 1 & Fig. 2)

            Herbaceous, annual, sparsely puberulous, low lying shrub, 2-3ft in height; tap root; hairy stem; leaf about 7-12 cm length and 5-9 cm wide, deciduous, opposite,  widely ovate, serrate, coarsely toothed leaf margins, monocronate apiculate, oblique base; flower trumpet shape, solitary, erect, pedicellate, hermaphrodite, actinomorphic, hypogynous, axillary, bracts & bracteoles absent, 6-8 cm in diameter, 15-17 cm length along with pedicel, white in the bell with atropurpureous marking in throat; calyx 7-10 cm, valvate aestivation, minutely pappus, connate, gamosepalous; 5-petals, 14-15 cm in length, gamopetalous, 10-toothed, funnel or trumpet shape, valvate aestivation; 5-stamens, epipetalous, 11-11.5 cm in length along with anther & filament, anther 0.5-0.6 cm, basifixed, bilobed, monoadelphous, longitudinal slits; gynoecium 11.2-12.5 cm, bicarpellary, syncarpous, superior, simple style, bilocular, axile placentation, numerous ovules; Fruit 5-6cm, globose, spinescent capsule, spines 1.3-1.5cm; seed semi-deltoid, 0.3-0.4 cm, rough texture, black when matured, 0.3-0.4 in length.

Collector no: 02; Date of collection: 01/02/2024; Place of collection: Gadag; Flowering season: February-October; Habitat: Road side waste ground, sandy, rocky or gravelly soil; IUCN status: NE; Vernacular name: Desert thorn apple, Desert Datura, HeiligeDatura; Nativity: Arizona, California, Colorado, Honduras, Mexico Central, Mexico Gulf, Mexico Northeast, Mexico Northwest, Mexico Southeast, Mexico Southwest; Uses: Pustules are small, blister like sores , inflamed, pus-filled upon surface of skin and cured using leaves of Datura discolor by dipping the leaves in gently hot castor oil applied on the spot.

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            Erect, annual herb, growing upto 2-3 ft. high; taproot; stems hairless or sparsely hairy, branched; leaves alternate, shape range from broadly ovate to rounded triangular or to rhombic-ovate, 8-14 cm long  and 6-16 cm wide, hairless to pubescent, leaf  margins are irregularly serrate or sinuate; flowers solitary or axillary, creamy white, actinomorphic, hypogynous, 5-7 cm  long  with 5 lobes each lobe ending in a point of 1-2 mm  in length.; trumpet shape, solitary, erect, pedicellate, hermaphrodite, bracts & bracteoles absent;Calyx, tube like, 5-6 cm length, aestivation-valvate; 5stamens, epipetalous, 4-5cm in length along with anther and stigma, anther lobes 0.2mm-0.3mm, basifixed, bilobed, lateral dehiscence; Gynoecium 5-5.5cm, syncarpous, superior, simple style, bicarpillary, numerous ovules; fruit ovoid to ellipsoid, 8-10cm, spinescent capsule, upto 60 spines, spines vary from small to large about 0.3mm to 4cm long; seeds brown, smooth and shinely in appearance, about 0.5 cm in length;

Collector no:05; Date of collection : 07/06/2024; Place of collection: Dharwad; Flowering season:May-August;Habitat: Waste land;IUCN status:NE;Vernacularname:SannaUmmaathi, Fierce thorn  apple,   long  spine  thorn  apple,  False  castor-oil; Nativity: Mexico Central, Mexico Northeast, Mexico Southwest, Texas; Uses: It is notable for its high content of tropane alkaloids which are important for both potential medicinal uses and to understand its toxicity.

            Perennial,  2-3 ft height, densely pubescent; tap root system; tomentose stem, woody at the base, much branched; Leaves hairy, broadly ovate, acute, apiculate, unequally rounded, entire or occasionally undulating or sinuate or irregularly lobed towards base, oppositely arranged along the stem; flower solitary, axillary, trumpet shaped, has green veins, hermaphrodite, actinomorphic, hypogynous, 6-7 cm diameter; Calyx thick, 5-sepals, gamosepalous, green, hairy or densely pubescent, 10-12 cm, 3-6-lobed; lobes 1-1.5cm long, sometimes incompletely separated; Corolla white, gamopetalous,15-16cm along with pedicel, 13-14 cm without pedicel, undulating, appearing 10 lobed, reduplicate aestivation; stamens-5, epipetalous, alternate, 15-16 cm along with filament, anther lobes 0.8-1 cm included; style, simple, 12-14 cm long; stigma well below anthers; ovary superior, bilocular, axile placentation, numerous ovules,; fruit globose or ovoid, loculicidal spinose capsule, 4-5 cm in diameter, deflexed, spines straight, numerous, slender, equal in length; 1-1.3cm long, capsule splits when ripe; seeds ovoid, 0.7-0.9cm in length;

Collector no: 01; Date of collection : 16/01/2024; Place of collection:Hubballi; Flowering season:Through out the year; Habitat: Road side waste land; IUCN status: NE; Vernacular name: Bili Ummaathi, Ummetha(Telugu) Nativity: Arizona, Mexico Central, Mexico Gulf, Mexico Northeast, Mexico Northwest, Mexico Southeast, Mexico Southwest, Texas; Uses: The seeds along with oils are applied for painful joints. The paste of leaves is used in piles and skin diseases. The seed extract are used for flu, cough and asthma. Swelling limbs are also cured upon applying leves externally. It comprises of scopolamine, hence used as pre-anesthetic during surgery. Plant parts such as root, leaves and seeds are used in ayurvedic medicine preparations.

DaturametelL. Sp. Pl.: 79 (1753);Ramaswamy&Razi, Fl. Bangalore 522. 1973; Saldanha& Nicolson, Fl. Hassan, 458. 1976; Rao &Razi, Fl. Mysore 498. 1981; Yoganarasimhanet al., Fl. Chikmagalur 231,232. 1981; Sharma et al., Fl. Karnataka Anal. 186. 1984; Singh, Fl. Eastern Karnataka 456. 1988; Keshavamurthy&Yoganarasimhan, Fl. Coorg, 303. 1990; Ramaswamyet al., Fl. Shivamogga 407. 2001; Bhat, Fl. Udupi, 416. 2003; Manjunathet al.,Fl. Davanagere 277. 2004; Bhatt, Fl. South Canara, 718. 2014; Nayaret al., Flowering Plants Western Ghats 859. 2014; Kotresha &Kambhar, Fl. Gadag, 227. 2016; Seetharamet al., Fl. Bidar, 200. 2018; Sanjappa&Sringeswara, Fl. Karnataka, check. Gymno. &Angio. 2: 730. 2019; DaturafastuosaL. Syst. Nat., ed. 10. 2: 932 (1759);  Gamble, Fl. Of Presidency Madras 2, 941. 1921; DaturafastuosaL. Syst. Nat., ed. 10. 2: 932 (1759); Cooke, Fl. Pres. of Bombay, 343. 1967.

            Branched, odorous undershrub,4-5ft height; tap root; stem semi-woody, minutely hairy; leaves, alternate, simple, eleptically to broadly ovate, acute, slightly sinuate, upto 20x16cm, slightly pubescent, angled or irregularly toothed, tip acute or acuminate, unequal-sided at the base, petiole up to 10 cm long; calyx tubular, slightly pubescent, greenish, tubular, herbaceous, valvate aestivation,  5-lobed, 7 cm long, circumsessile around the base; flowers actinomorphic, solitary in axils, white, solitary, trumpet or funnel shaped, broad corolla mouth; pedicels 1-2cm long corolla about 18-20cm long, 6-7 cm in diameter; Stamens 5, attached at the base of corolla tube, included, epipetalous,15-16cm in length including anther and filament, anther lobe, dithecous hairy, oblong, 1.5-2cm in length, linear,dehiscing longitudinally, basifixed; gynoecium 16-18cm in length, stigma 2-lobed, style filiform, bicarpellary, syncarpous, ,axile placentation; Ovary superior, 2 or spuriously 4- celled; fruit a spinescent globose capsule, pendulous, dehiscing irregularly, spines deptoid, 0.5-0.7cm in length; ovules numerous; seeds brown, compressed, rugose, 0.6 cm long;

Collector no:04; Date of collection:12/02/2024; Place of collection: Belagavi Flowering season: Habitat: Waste and degradeddry land;

var. II single corolla purple (Fig. 9, Fig. 10& Fig. 16)

Perennial, undershrub, erect, much branched, about 6-7 ft height, tinged with purple, herbaceous, semi-woody, hairless; tap root; leaf simple, ovate, obliquely cuneate, sinuate to dentate, opposite, acute, exstipulate, 15-18cm long,10-12 cm wide,  petiole 7-10cm  with purple tinge, un-equal at the base; flower actinomorphic, hypogynous, solitary in banching axils, often whitish inside and purplish outside, 6-7 cm diameter, 18-20 cm length, funnel shaped, pedicel about 0.5-1cm in length; calyx tubular, slightly pubescent, greenish to purplish in colour, aestivation valvate, 5-lobed, 9-10cm in length;Stamens 5, attached at the base of corolla tube, 15-16cm long including anther and filament, anther lobes 1.5-2cm, dithecous, oblong, basifixed; gynoecium 13-15cm long, style simple, syncarpous, axile placentation; superior ovary, ovules numerous; fruit globose capsule, dehiscing regularly, pendulous, diploid spines, 0.3-0.5 cm long; seeds ovoid, shiny 0.3-0.5cm long;

Collector no:02; Date of collection:25/01/2024; Place of collection: Haveri;Flowering season: Habitat: Waste and degraded-dry area.

            Perennial, undershrub, erect, much branched, about 6-7 ft height, tinged with purple color, semi-woody, herbaceous, hairless; tap root system; leaf simple, ovate, obliquely cuneate at the base, sinuate to dentate, opposite, acute, exstipulate, 25-30cm long, 15-20cm width, petiole 7-10cm  with purple tinge, un-equal at the base; hypogynous flower, zygomorphic, 3 layered, solitary in banching axils, often whitish inside and purplish outside, outer layer 7-8cm cm in diameter corolla mouth oftern increasing towards base, trumpet shaped or funnel shaped, pedicel about 1-1.5cm long, solitary in banching axils; calyx tubular, slightly pubescent, greenish to purplish in colour, aestivation valvate, 5-lobed, 9-10cm in length; corolla about 25-39 cm in length, outer surface of all the 3 layers of corolla are purplish in colour, Stamens count vary from 5-6, attached at the base of corolla tube, 15-18cm long, if 6-paired, polydelphous, including anther and filament, anther lobes 2.5cm long, dithecous,basifixed, oblong; gynoecium 14-16cm long, style simple, axile placentation, syncarpous; superior ovary, ovules numerous; fruit globose capsule, dehiscing regularly, pendulous, diploid spines, 0.2-2.4 cm long; seeds shiny, ovoid, 0.3-0.5cm long;

Collector no:07; Date of collection : 16/06/2024; Place of collection:Korlalli-MundargiGadag; Flowering season: Throughout the year; Habitat: Wasteland and degraded-dry area; IUCN status: NE; Vernacular name: Kari Ummaathi; Purple Thorn apple; Devil’s Weed; Jimpson Weed; Purple  moonflower,  Kala Dhattura; SadahDatura(Hindi);  Karumadagunike; Nativity:  Colombia ,Costa  Rica,   Honduras,  Mexico  Central,   Mexico  Northeast ,  Mexico  Southeast,   Mexico  Southwest, Panama,  Texas; Uses: The plant is narcotic, antispasmodic, intoxicant and emetic, and is useful in asthma, skin diseases cough fever, ulcers.bites from rabid dogs are also treated using its roots. The juice of the leaves are used in treatment of  epilepsy, cephalalgia and dandruff. The paste from seeds is used for decaying teeth, piles, fistula, tumors and parasitic skin diseases.

DaturastramoniumL. Sp. Pl.: 179(1753);Saldanha& Nicolson, Fl. Hassan, 459. 1976; Rao &Razi, Fl. Mysore 498. 1981; Sharma et al., Fl. Karnataka Analy. 186. 1984; Singh, Fl. Eastern

            Annual or short-lived perennial erect herb up to 2 m tall, often much-branched;stem sparsely hairy to glabrous. Leaves alternate, simple, minutely hairy; stipulesabsent; petiole up to 9.5 cm long; blade ovate to rhombic-ovate or elliptical, 3–20cm × 1–15 cm, base cuneate, rounded, truncate or cordate, apex acute toacuminate or obtuse, margins sharply toothed with irregular teeth or almostentire, pinnately veined. Flowers axillary, solitary, rarely paired, bisexual, regular,5-merous; pedicel 5–15 mm long, up to 30 mm long in fruit; calyx tubular, 2.5–5cm long, lobes unequal, 0.5–1 cm long; corolla trumpet-shaped to tubular, 6–10cm long, white or faintly tinged purple, sometimes violet or purplish in the tube;stamens inserted above the middle of the corolla tube, included, filaments shortand thick, anthers yellow; ovary superior, 2–4 celled, style slender, 3.5–7 cmlong, stigma large, 2-lobed. Fruit an upright, almost globose to ovoid capsule up to 5 cm × 4.5 cm, yellowish to brown, spines few to many, slender, stiff, up to 16mm long, many-seeded. Seeds almost D-shaped, flattened, 3.5–4.5 mm × 2.5–3.5 mm × c. 1 mm, dark brown to black. Seedling with epigealgermination;cotyledons thin, leafy.

Collector no: 07; Date of collection: 12/11/2024; Place of collection: Hassan; Flowering season: Throughout the year; Habitat: Roadside waste land, man-made or disturbed lands; IUCN status:NE;Vernacular name:Duddura, Ummati, Thorn-apple;Nativity: Mexico Central,MexicoGulf,Mexico Northeast, Mexico Northwest Mexico Southeast, Mexico Southwest; Uses: Due to its anti-inflammatory property, it helps in stimulation of CNS, respiratory decongestion, treatment of skin infections, treatment of toothache.

Note:After a span of 57 years, the same plant i.e., Daturastramonium L., originally documented by C. J. Saldhana in 1967 has been rediscovered at the identical locality. This species has been consistently misidentified with Daturametel L. in Bidar, Gulbarga and Haveri districts of Karnataka. The recent investigation have confirmed its actual occurrence is confined to the southern part of Karnataka, particularly within Hassan district and surrounding adjacent area, which was also the locality cited by C. J. Saldhana in his Flora of Hassan District.

Fig.14:DaturastramoniumL. A. Habit; B. Corolla with calyx; C. flower top view; D. Corolla E. Calyx; F. Open corolla-outer view; G. Stamen;  H.Anther; I. Pistil; J. Ovary; K. Fruit.

Acknowledgement

Authors are thankful to Karnatak Science College, Karnatak University for conductingthis research work. The authors are thankful to Spoorthi D., Yukti Y., Manjushree K., Rakshitha B. K., SupriyaP. and Akshay T.helped us during field visit and collection.

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